Solutions based on three-dimensional technologies for the practice and teaching of biomedical sciences

Introduction: Three-dimensional printing is one of the technologies that promote change at an economic and social level, and one of the fundamental elements of industry 4.0. It has enormous potential for the future of medicine, establishing itself as a new paradigm. Despite its advantages, its use in our environment is incipient. Objective: To design and develop solutions based on three-dimensional technologies for the teaching and practice of biomedical sciences. Materials and methods: A technological development investigation was carried out between the Center for Assisted and Sustainable Manufacturing of the University of Matanzas and Matanzas University of Medical Sciences, between September 2019 and July 2022. The designs and fabrications were made from the acquisition of computed tomography images, or from a surface scanner, which were then processed, converted into Standard Tessellation Language format, printed, and post-processed. Virtual designs were developed using computer-aided design software. Results: Various solutions were developed including prototypes: biomodels for craniosynostosis repair and anatomical figures, custom cranial prosthesis mold, hand prosthesis, O2 line splitters, tissue scaffolds, syringe gun, face shields, breast prosthesis; autologous restoration mold and tissue expander. Conclusions: In all areas of application of this technology in medicine―except the printing of medicines, in the current context―, it is feasible to obtain solutions in the territory of Matanzas. It is therefore imperative that managers and the medical community in general, begin to acquire awareness, knowledge, and experience to ensure the optimal use of this technology.

Introducción: La impresión tridimensional es una de las tecnologías que promueve el cambio a nivel económico y social, y uno de los elementos fundamentales de la industria 4.0. Asimismo, constituye un enorme potencial para el futuro de la medicina, estableciéndose como un nuevo paradigma. A pesar de sus ventajas, su explotación en nuestro medio es incipiente. Objetivos: Diseñar y desarrollar soluciones basadas en tecnologías tridimensionales para la enseñanza y la práctica de las ciencias biomédicas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una investigación colaborativa, de desarrollo tecnológico entre el Centro de Fabricación Asistida y Sostenible de la Universidad de Matanzas y la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Matanzas, entre septiembre de 2019 y julio de 2022. Los diseños y fabricaciones se realizaron a partir de la adquisición de imágenes de tomografía computarizada, o desde un escáner de superficie, las que luego se procesaron, se convirtieron en formato Standard Tessellation Language, se imprimieron y posprocesaron. Los diseños virtuales se desarrollaron empleando un software de diseño asistido por computadora. Resultados: Se desarrollaron varias soluciones que incluyen varios prototipos: biomodelos para reparación de craneosinostosis y figuras anatómicas, molde de prótesis craneal personalizada, prótesis de mano, divisores de líneas de O2, andamios tisulares, pistola portajeringas, protectores faciales, prótesis de mama, molde para restauración autóloga y expansor tisular. Conclusiones: En todas las áreas de aplicación de esta tecnología en medicina―salvo en la impresión de medicamentos, en el contexto actual―, es factible obtener soluciones en el territorio de Matanzas. Es un imperativo, pues, que directivos y la comunidad médica en general, comiencen a adquirir conciencia, conocimientos y experiencias para garantizar la utilización óptima de esta tecnología.

Radiologia odontológica: percepção e segurança de dentistas de centros de especialidades odontológicas e serviços de apoio diagnóstico públicos / Dental radiology: perception and safety of dentists from dental specialty centers and public diagnostic support services

Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção e segurança dos cirurgiões-dentistas servidores municipais de Porto Alegre - RS que realizam radiografias intrabucais em relação à conteúdos da radiologia odontológica. Materiais e métodos: Todos os 26 dentistas que atuam no Centro de Especialidades Odontológicas e Serviço de Apoio Terapêutico da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde foram convidados a participar de 15 horas do Projeto de Extensão em Radiologia Odontológica da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, onde alunos de graduação atendem pacientes encaminhados pelas unidades básicas de saúde. Foi aplicado um questionário online de 19 questões relacionado a sua segurança e rotina na Radiologia. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise descritiva. Dez profissionais participaram do projeto, e oito responderam ao questionário (n=8). Resultados: Realização de técnicas e processamentos radiográficos, a maioria dos participantes mostrou-se segura, assim como os aspectos de radioproteção. Relataram maior dificuldade em realizar exames radiográficos em criança, molares e caninos superiores, além de preferirem, o método manual visual de processamento radiográfico. Foi identificada menor compreensão sobre biossegurança e efeitos biológicos determinísticos. Discussão: Conhecer esses servidores, suas rotinas e vivências com a radiologia, permitiu aprimorar o atendimento aos pacientes e a integração da Faculdade ao programa de educação permanente. Observa-se que princípios teóricos, não estão sedimentados o que pode interferir tanto na sua saúde como na do paciente. Conclusão: Os profissionais estudados sentem-se seguros em relação à prática e compreendem suas lacunas de conhecimento sobre efeitos biológicos e biossegurança na área da Radiologia.

Aim: To evaluate the perception and confidence of dental surgeons working in Porto Alegre - RS who perform intraoral radiographs in relation to the contents of dental radiology. Materials and methods: All 26 dentists who work at the Center for Dental Specialties and Therapeutic Support Service of the Municipal Health Department were invited to participate in 15 hours of the Extension Project in Dental Radiology at the School of Dentistry at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, where students Undergraduate courses assist patients referred by basic health units. An online questionnaire of 19 questions related to your safety and routine in Radiology was applied. The collected data were submitted to descriptive analysis. Ten professionals participated in the project, and eight answered the questionnaire (n=8). Results: Performing radiographic techniques and processing, most participants proved to be safe, as well as radioprotection aspects. They reported greater difficulty in performing radiographic examinations in children, molars and upper canines, in addition to preferring the visual manual method of radiographic processing. Less understanding of biosafety and deterministic biological effects was identified. Discussion: Getting to know these public servants, their routines and experiences with radiology, made it possible to improve patient care and integrate the Faculty into the permanent education program. It is observed that theoretical principles are not settled, which can interfere with both your health and that of the patient. Conclusion: The professionals studied feel safe and understand their knowledge gaps such as biological effects and biosafety in the field of Radiology.

Are we ready to stratify BI-RADS 4 lesions observed on magnetic resonance imaging? A real-world noninferiority/equivalence analysis / Estamos prontos para estratificar lesões BI-RADS 4 na ressonância magnética? Uma análise de não inferioridade/equivalência do mundo real

Abstract Objective: To demonstrate that positive predictive values (PPVs) for suspicious (category 4) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings that have been stratified are equivalent to those stipulated in the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) for mammography and ultrasound. Materials and Methods: This retrospective analysis of electronic medical records generated between January 4, 2016 and December 29, 2021 provided 365 patients in which 419 suspicious (BI-RADS category 4) findings were subcategorized as BI-RADS 4A, 4B or 4C. Malignant and nonmalignant outcomes were determined by pathologic analyses, follow-up, or both. For each subcategory, the level 2 PPV (PPV2) was calculated and tested for equivalence/noninferiority against the established benchmarks. Results: Of the 419 findings evaluated, 168 (40.1%) were categorized as malignant and 251 (59.9%) were categorized as nonmalignant. The PPV2 for subcategory 4A was 14.2% (95% CI: 9.3-20.4%), whereas it was 41.2% (95% CI: 32.8-49.9%) for subcategory 4B and 77.2% (95% CI: 68.4-84.5%) for subcategory 4C. Multivariate analysis showed a significantly different cancer yield for each subcategory (p < 0.001). Conclusion: We found that stratification of suspicious findings by MRI criteria is feasible, and malignancy probabilities for sub-categories 4B and 4C are equivalent to the values established for the other imaging methods in the BI-RADS. Nevertheless, low suspicion (4A) findings might show slightly higher malignancy rates.

Resumo Objetivo: Demonstrar que os valores preditivos positivos (VPPs) para lesões suspeitas (categoria 4) identificadas por ressonância magnética (RM) são equivalentes aos estipulados no ACR BI-RADS para mamografia e ultrassonografia. Materiais e Métodos: Análise retrospectiva de dados em prontuário eletrônico, entre 4 de janeiro de 2016 e 29 de dezembro de 2021, resultou em 365 pacientes elegíveis, com 419 lesões classificadas como BI-RADS 4A, 4B ou 4C. Desfechos malignos e não malignos foram determinados por estudo patológico e/ou acompanhamento. Realizamos o cálculo do VPP nível 2 (VPP2) para cada subcategoria e testamos para não inferioridade/equivalência em relação aos valores de referência. Resultados: Dos 419 achados, 168 (40,1%) foram malignos e 251 (59,9%), não malignos. O VPP2 para subcategoria 4A foi 14,2% (IC 95%: 9,3-20,4%), para 4B foi 41,2% (IC 95%:, 32,8-49,9%) e para 4C foi 77,2% (IC 95%: 68,4-84,5%). Análise multivariada demonstrou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as subcategorias (p < 0,001). Conclusão: A estratificação de achados suspeitos por RM é factível, sendo que a probabilidade de malignidade das subcategorias 4B e 4C é equivalente à estabelecida para outros métodos de imagem pelo BI-RADS. Contudo, lesões de baixa suspeição (4A) podem apresentar taxas mais altas de malignidade.

Disección carotídea espontánea: Presentación de un caso clínico con revisión de la literatura / Carotid Artery Dissection. Case Report and Literature Review

Resumen Introducción: La disección carotídea consiste en el desgarro de la pared del vaso. Es una patología infrecuente, pero es la causa más común de enfermedad vascular cerebral (EVC) isquémica en personas menores de 45 años. Las manifestaciones clínicas son muy variables. Método: Utilizamos las recomendaciones CARE para el reporte de casos clínicos. Caso clínico: Hombre de 45 años previamente sano, con debilidad aguda de la extremidad torácica derecha sin causa aparente. La tomografía simple de cráneo no evidenció alteraciones. La resonancia magnética mostró una oclusión completa de la arteria carótida interna en todos sus segmentos y disminución del flujo de la arteria cerebral media izquierda. La evolución clínica fue desfavorable. Conclusión: La disección carotídea debe sospecharse en personas con EVC sin factores de riesgo cardiovascular.

Abstract Introduction: Carotid dissection consists of a tear in the vessel wall. It is a rare pathology, but it is the most common cause of ischemic cerebral vascular disease (CVD) in people under 45 years of age. The clinical manifestations are very variable. Method: We used CARE recommendations for reporting clinical cases. Clinical case: Previously, a healthy 45-year-old man with acute weakness of the right thoracic extremity without apparent cause. The simple skull tomography did not show any alterations. MRI showed complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery in all its segments and decreased flow of the left middle cerebral artery. The clinical evolution was unfavorable. Conclusion: Carotid dissection should be suspected in people with CVD without cardiovascular risk factors.

Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies: 14 Years of Experience in a University Clinic

Introduction: Ingesting foreign bodies is a common medical problem, especially in the emergency department. Some small studies describe experiences in this regard. Materials and methods: A descriptive retrospective study included patients with suspected ingestion of foreign bodies admitted to the gastroenterology and GI endoscopy service of the Clínica Universitaria Colombia between January 2007 and August 2020. Results: The age of occurrence of the event was 18 to 95 years, and the average age was 45 years. The foreign bodies ingested and found were variable. The most frequent was fish bones, representing 64.11% of the cases, followed by chicken bones and dietary impaction. Thirty-eight percent of patients required foreign body removal; the most frequently used tool was the foreign body forceps. The primary location was the esophagus in 12.53% of cases, followed by the cricopharynx in 11.18% and the hypopharynx in 10%. Conclusions: The Clínica Universitaria Colombia is a referral site for many gastroenterology emergencies due to its high technological level and extensive human resources. This paper probably describes the largest number of patients with this reason for consultation, which is why this retrospective descriptive study was designed. It shows the demographic characteristics, foreign body types, radiological and endoscopic findings, and associated complications, which help to provide a more accurate knowledge of this pathology.

Introducción: La ingesta de cuerpos extraños es un problema médico frecuente, especialmente en el servicio de urgencias. Existen algunos estudios pequeños que describen las experiencias al respecto. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyó a pacientes con sospecha de ingesta de cuerpos extraños, ingresados al servicio de gastroenterología y endoscopia digestiva de La Clínica Universitaria Colombia, entre enero de 2007 y agosto de 2020. Resultados: La edad de ocurrencia del evento se presentó en pacientes desde los 18 hasta los 95 años, y la edad promedio fue de 45 años. Los cuerpos extraños ingeridos y encontrados fueron variables; los más frecuentes fueron la ingesta de espinas de pescado, que representó el 64,11% de los casos, seguido por la ingesta de huesos de pollo y la impactación alimentaria. Un 38% de los pacientes requirieron la extracción de cuerpo extraño y la herramienta usada con mayor frecuencia fue la pinza de cuerpo extraño. La localización principal fue el esófago, en el 12,53% de los casos, seguido por la cricofaringe, en el 11,18%, y la hipofaringe, en el 10%. Conclusiones: La Clínica Universitaria Colombia es un sitio de referencia de una gran cantidad de urgencias en gastroenterología debido a su alto nivel tecnológico y al gran recurso humano que requieren. Este trabajo representa probablemente la cantidad más grande de pacientes con este motivo de consulta, razón por la que se diseñó este estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, que muestra las características demográficas, los tipos de cuerpo extraño, los hallazgos radiológicos y endoscópicos y las complicaciones asociadas, que son de utilidad para tener un conocimiento más real de esta patología.

El renacimiento tecnológico de la Radiología: la revolución open source y la inteligencia artificial

El campo de la radiología ha experimentado avances notables en las últimas décadas, con desarrollos que van desde la mejora de la calidad y digitalización de las imágenes hasta la detección asistida por computadora. Particularmente, la aparición de técnicas de Inteligencia Artificial basadas en Deep Learning y Visión Computacional han promovido soluciones innovadoras en el diagnóstico y el análisis radiológico. Se explora la relevancia de los desarrollos y modelos open source en el progreso de estas técnicas, resaltando el impacto que la colaboración y el acceso abierto han tenido en el avance científico del campo. La investigación tiene un enfoque cualitativo, con alcance descriptivo y retrospectivo, de corte longitudinal. Se realizó un análisis documental de la evolución y el impacto del open source en la Radiología, poniendo de relieve la colaboración multidisciplinar. Se examinaron casos de uso, ventajas, desafíos y consideraciones éticas en relación con la implementación de soluciones basadas en Inteligencia Artificial en Radiología. El enfoque open source ha mostrado ser una influencia positiva en la Radiología, con potencial para influir en la atención médica, ofreciendo soluciones más precisas y accesibles. No obstante, se presentan desafíos éticos y técnicos que requieren atención.

The field of radiology has seen notable advances in recent decades, with developments ranging from image quality improvement and digitization to computer-aided detection. Particularly, the emergence of Artificial Intelligence techniques based on Deep Learning and Computer Vision have promoted innovative solutions in diagnosis and radiological analysis. This article explores the relevance of open source developments and models in the progress of these techniques, highlighting the impact that collaboration and open access have had on the scientific advancement in this field. This research has a qualitative approach, with a descriptive, retrospective, longitudinal scope. A documentary analysis of the evolution and impact of open source in Radiology was carried out, highlighting multidisciplinary collaboration. Use cases, advantages, challenges and ethical considerations were also examined in relation to the implementation of AI-based solutions in Radiology. The Open Source approach has been shown to be a positive influence in Radiology, with the potential to influence medical care, offering more precise and accessible solutions. However, there are ethical and technical challenges that require attention.

Aspectos significativos en la evolución histórica de la radiología en Matanzas

Introducción: Si bien la radiología es ineludiblemente dependiente de la tecnología, otras aristas menos conocidas han favorecido su crecimiento como especialidad en Matanzas. A pesar del importante papel que han jugado durante su desarrollo, no se ha encontrado documentación que les caracterice, y asimismo acontece con sus principales actores, lo que desarticula la memoria. El rescate de esa información, por el contrario, integra memoria e identidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar aspectos significativos en la evolución histórica de la radiología en Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizaron los métodos analítico-sintético, deductivo-inductivo, así como los submétodos cronológico y geográfico. Se realizaron entrevistas a informantes clave y revisión documental. Resultados: Se describen elementos relacionados con la docencia, sus directivos, y otros aspectos como el capítulo matancero de la Sociedad Cubana de Imagenología y la constitución de la Sección de Radiología Pediátrica y de la Cátedra Honorífica Dr. Francisco Domínguez Roldán. Conclusiones: La radiología en Matanzas ha experimentado un sostenido progreso a lo largo de los años ―amén de la esfera tecnológica, el fortalecimiento del claustro, la formación continua del capital humano, el trabajo del capítulo y la constitución de la Cátedra Honorífica Dr. Francisco Domínguez Roldán―, a pesar de limitaciones externas e internas. Desde sus inicios, ha contado con actores que han logrado mantenerla y desarrollarla.

Introduction: Although radiology is unavoidably dependent on technology, other, lesser-known edges, have favored its growth as a specialty in Matanzas, and despite the important role they have played during its development, no documentation has been found that characterizes them, and it also happens with its main actors which favors the destruction of memory. The rescue of this information, on the contrary, integrates memory and identity. Objective: To characterize significant aspects in the historical evolution of radiology in Matanzas. Materials and methods: The analytical-synthetic, deductive-inductive methods of historical research were used and also the chronological and geographical sub-methods. Interviews were conducted with key informants, and documentary review. Results: Elements related to teaching, its managerial staff and other aspects such as the Matanzas chapter of the Cuban Society of Imaging, the constitution of the Pediatric Radiology Section and the Honorary Chair Dr. Francisco Domínguez Roldán are described. Conclusions: Radiology in Matanzas has experienced sustained progress over the years―in addition to the technological sphere, the strengthening of its teaching staff, the continuous training of its human capital, the work of the chapter and the constitution of the Honoforific Chair Dr. Domínguez Roldán―, despite external and internal limitations. Since its beginning, it has had actors who have managed to maintain and develop it.

Primeros pasos en el intervencionismo. Lecciones de la práctica diaria / First steps in interventionism. Lessons from daily practice

Resumen Las características del paciente y la localización de la lesión diana pueden hacer más complejo un procedimiento intervencionista. Una adecuada formación basada en el conocimiento de los instrumentos, manejo de técnicas alternativas y complementos hacen que estos procedimientos sean efectivos y seguros. Destacaremos la planificación anticipada, los enfoques seguros, el papel de la integración y la discusión interdisciplinaria. Los elementos descritos aquí y la bibliografía adjunta pueden tomarse como una guía para comenzar una carrera en radiología intervencionista.

Abstract The characteristics of the patient and the location of the target lesion can make an interventional procedure more complex. An adequate training based on the knowledge of instruments, handling of alternative techniques and supplementary tools make these procedures effective and safe. We will emphasize advanced planning, safe approaches, the role of integration, and interdisciplinary discussion. The items described here and the accompanying bibliography can be taken as a guide to starting a career in interventional radiology.

STEPPING TOWARDS NON-SURGICAL MANAGEMENT: STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE IN A DEVELOPING NATION

Objective: To assess the emerging trend of Non-operative Management and image guided interventions over surgery in a tertiary care hospital in a developing nation. Data regarding patients who underwe Methods: nt Non-Operative Interventions (NOI) or Non-Operative Management (NOM) in VMMC and Safdarjung hospital, New Delhi, India over past 3 years was collected retrospectively from hospital database. Max diameter of liver abscess mana Results: ged nonoperatively ranged from 3.5 to 14 cm. Mean diameter was 7.15 +/- 3.20 cm. Mean volume of the abscess was 538 ml. 43.33% of the abscesses were ruptured. 73.33% of the patients underwent pigtail insertion and the rest underwent ultrasound guided aspiration. 12 patients underwent PTBD in the center over past 3 years. All the patients had malignant etiology of some sort. 75% patients had carcinoma of Gall bladder, and the rest had biliary stricture of malignant nature. Conclusion: NOIs have revolutionized management of several entities for which surgery was sole resort until few decades back. However, these facilities come with their own set of limitations. There is a paucity in literature in the developing world regarding outcome of NOI

The eyes see what the mind knows – Interpretation of magnetic resonance imaging

Background: In 1978, the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was a remarkable volte-face in the world of diagnostics. Employing the phenomenon of nuclear resonance enables us to exploit the properties of differential protons in living tissues. The ability of providing higher and variable contrast and the absence of ionizing radiations make it superior to computed tomography. Being the diagnostic tool of choice, it is an indispensable part of assessment of the location and characteristics of different ocular and orbital pathologies (vascular, inflammatory, and neoplastic). Purpose: The intrinsic and extrinsic properties of MRI provide multi-parametric imaging, making it of paramount importance in ophthalmological evaluation. Also, MRI-dynamic color mapping provides non-invasive and quantitative assessment of soft tissues in motion. An in-depth knowledge of the basic principle and technique of MRI aids in diagnosing as well optimal planning of surgical interventions. Synopsis: In this video, we shall be displaying the anatomical, clinical, and radiological aspects of MRI with an overlap to make it easier to understand the implications of this miraculous invention. Highlights: A good understanding of MRI analysis makes the ophthalmologists independent and helps in ruling out the differential diagnoses, exact extent and invasion, precise surgical planning and therefore, avoiding tragic outcomes. This video is an attempt to simplify and emphasize on the importance of MRI interpretation for an ophthalmologist.

Impacto de la Inteligencia Artificial en la Radiología

Introducción: El creciente desarrollo computacional ocurrido en los últimos años, así como el acceso a gran número de datos (Big Data) ha posibilitado la explotación de los recursos informáticos para el desarrollo de algoritmos que aumentan la calidad y alcance de la inteligencia artificial (IA), la cual está tomando un rol central en la radiología. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto de la Inteligencia Artificial en la Radiología y la necesidad de implementación en los servicios de imagenología. Método: Se emplearon 23 referencias bibliográficas en inglés y español, la mayoría extraídas de PubMed, SciELO y ScienceDirect usando los descriptores "Inteligencia Artificial", "Radiología" y "Aprendizaje automático" en idioma español y "Artificial Intelligence", "Radiology" y "Machine Learning" para el inglés. Desarrollo: No existe área de la Radiología en la cual no se haya implementado la inteligencia artificial, con el fin de mejorar y desarrollar programas que le faciliten al radiólogo y al técnico, la obtención y diagnóstico de imágenes. Cuba también está inmersa en este proceso; se están dando los primeros pasos por el desarrollo de estas tecnologías. Conclusiones: La investigación, optimización de flujo de trabajo, radiómica, predicción y clasificación de imágenes son beneficios que nos aporta la IA; lograr un aumento en la calidad de estos procesos solo es posible a través de la alianza entre las ciencias médicas e informáticas.

Introduction: The growing computational development that has occurred in recent years, as well as the access to a large number of data (Big Data), has made the exploitation of computing resources possible to develop algorithms that increase the quality and scope of artificial intelligence (AI), which is taking a central role in radiology. Objective: To analyze the impact of artificial intelligence in radiology and the need for its implementation in imaging services. Method: A total of 23 bibliographical references in English and Spanish, most of them obtained from PubMed, SciELO and ScienceDirect databases, were analyzed using descriptors such as "inteligencia artificial", "radiología" and "aprendizaje automático" for the Spanish language and "artificial intelligence", "radiology" and "machine learning" for the English language. Results: There is no area of ​​Radiology in which artificial intelligence has not been implemented in order to improve and develop programs that make it easier for the radiologist and the technician to obtain and diagnose images. Cuba is also immersed in this process; the first steps are being taken towards the development of these technologies. Conclusions: Research, workflow optimization, radiomics, prediction and classification of images are benefits that AI brings us; achieving an increase in the quality of these processes is only possible through the alliance between medical and computer sciences.

Complication rates of transrectal and transperineal prostate fusion biopsies - is there a learning curve even in high volume interventional center?

ABSTRACT Purpose To analyze the learning curve regarding complication rates of transrectal prostate biopsy (TRPB) versus transperineal prostate biopsy (TPPB), using real time software-based magnetic resonance imaging ultrasound (MRI-US) fusion techniques, along with first year experience of transperineal approach. Materials and Methods retrospective unicentric cohort study at a quaternary care hospital. Medical records of all consecutive patients that underwent TPPB between March 2021 and February 2022, after the introduction of MRI-US fusion device, and those who underwent TRPB throughout the entire years of 2019 and 2020 were analyzed. All complications that occurred as consequences of the procedure were considered. Descriptive statistics, Chi-squared and Fisher tests were used to describe complications and compare the two groups. Results A total of 283 patients were included in the transperineal group and 513 in the transrectal group. The analysis of a learning curve for the transperineal method showed lower complications rates comparing the first six months of TPPB procedures (group 1); The complication rate for TPPB was lower than that of TRPB (55.1% versus 81.9%, respectively; p<0.01). TPPB showed specifically lower rates of hematuria (48.8% versus 66.3%;p<0.001) and rectal bleeding(3.5% versus 18.1%; p<0.001). There were no cases of prostatitis after transperineal biopsies and three cases (0.6%) after transrectal procedures. Conclusions We evidenced the learning curve for performing the transperineal biopsy, with a lower rate of complications for the experienced team, after 142 cases after 6 months of practice. The lower complication rate of TPPB and the absence of infectious prostatitis imply a safer procedure when compared to TRPB.

Radiographers' knowledge and attitude toward informed consent / Conocimientos y actitud de los radiógrafos hacia el consentimiento informado / Conhecimento e atitudes de radiologistas sobre consentimento informado

Health professionals are obliged to provide the patient and/or his or her guardian with information about examinations and treatment. In the case of examinations involving the use of ionizing radiation, informed consent is essential to weigh the associated benefits and risks. This study evaluates the knowledge and attitude of radiographers regarding informed consent in the radiology department. It is a descriptive cross-sectional study using an online questionnaire, divided into three sections and containing 19 questions, detailing the demographics, knowledge, and attitude of radiographers. Participant responses were scored between 1 and 3, then calculated and averaged to determine mean scores. Student's t-test was used to determine the statistical significance between means. Mean scores for knowledge and attitudes ranged from 11.60 ±1.72 to 18.73 ±1.84. Radiographers with more experience showed a statistically significant difference (17.45 ±1.23) (p < 0.00) with those with less experience (15.34 ±1.52). Twenty-one percent of the respondents did not seek consent from patients prior to examination. This study demonstrated that these professionals are knowledgeable about informed consent; however, more emphasis should be placed on practice by providing training courses and disseminating correct practice.

Los profesionales sanitarios están obligados a facilitar al paciente y/o a su tutor información sobre los exámenes y el tratamiento. En el caso de los exámenes que implican el uso de radiaciones ionizantes, el consentimiento informado es esencial para sopesar los beneficios y riesgos asociados. Este estudio evalúa los conocimientos y la actitud de los radiógrafos en relación con el consentimiento informado en el departamento de radiología. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo transversal en el que se utilizó un cuestionario en línea, dividido en tres secciones y que contenía 19 preguntas, en las que se detallaban los datos demográficos, los conocimientos y la actitud de los radiógrafos. Las respuestas de los participantes se puntuaron entre 1 y 3, y luego se calcularon y promediaron para determinar las puntuaciones medias. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para determinar la significación estadística entre las medias. Las puntuaciones medias de los conocimientos y las actitudes oscilaron entre 11,60 ±1,72 y 18,73 ±1,84. Los radiógrafos con más experiencia mostraron un mayor nivel de conocimientos y actitudes. Los radiógrafos con más experiencia mostraron una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (17,45 ±1,23) (p < 0,00) con los que tenían menos experiencia (15,34 ±1,52). El 21% de los encuestados no solicitó el consentimiento de los pacientes antes de la exploración. Este estudio demostró que estos profesionales tienen conocimientos sobre el consentimiento informado; sin embargo, se debería hacer más hincapié en la práctica impartiendo cursos de formación y difundiendo la práctica correcta.

Profissionais da saúde são obrigados a fornecer ao paciente ou seu guardião informações sobre exames e tratamentos. No caso de exames envolvendo o uso de radiação ionizante, consentimento informado é essencial para balancear os benefícios e riscos associados. Esse estudo avalia o conhecimento e atitudes de radiologistas a respeito do consentimento informado no departamento de radiologia. É um estudo transversal usando um questionário online, dividido em três seções e contendo 19 perguntas, detalhando a demografia, conhecimento e atitudes de radiologistas. As respostas dos participantes foram classificadas entre 1 e 3, e então calculadas e calculadas as médias para determinar os escores médios. O teste t de Student foi usado para determinar a significância estatística entre as médias. Escores médios para conhecimento e atitudes variaram de 11,60 ±1,72 a 18,73 ±1,84. Radiologistas com mais experiência mostraram uma diferença estatisticamente significante (17.45 ±1.23) (p < 0.00) daqueles com menos experiência (15.34 ±1.52). 21% dos respondentes não buscaram consentimento dos pacientes antes do exame. Esse estudo demonstrou que esses profissionais estão cientes do consentimento informado; entretanto, mais ênfase deve ser dada na prática ao fornecer cursos de treinamento e disseminando práticas corretas.

Apuntes para una historia de la radiología en Matanzas: continuadores y desarrollo en algunas localidades

Introducción: la radiología, incluyendo las nuevas formas de obtener imágenes médicas para diagnóstico y guía de procederes, es una de las especialidades que más desarrollo científico-tecnológico ha experimentado a través de la historia de las ciencias médicas. En Matanzas, fue instaurada en la segunda década del siglo XX por un grupo de figuras e instituciones precursoras, a las que fueron sumándose otras que han mantenido la disciplina hasta el presente. Objetivo: rescatar elementos de la historia de la radiología en la provincia de Matanzas, relacionados con quienes continuaron la obra de los precursores. Materiales y métodos: se utilizaron métodos propios de la investigación histórica como el analítico-sintético y el deductivo-inductivo, al igual que los submétodos cronológico y geográfico. Resultados: se presentaron trece fichas y veintitrés anotaciones que constituyen una caracterización sintética del objeto de estudio. Conclusiones: en la historia de la radiología en Matanzas, destacan como continuadores, en la etapa inmediata posterior a la de los precursores, nombres como los de los doctores Mario Muñoz Monroy y Manuel García Suárez. El primero, sobresale por su dimensión como mártir, y el segundo, aunque se opuso también a dictaduras, por su proyección científico-pedagógica. La especialidad alcanzó su verdadero encargo social en la década de 1960, y ha experimentado un progreso sostenido, cuya magnitud ha dependido de limitaciones externas e internas.

Introduction: radiology, including the new ways of obtaining medical images for prognosis and procedures guidance, is one of the specialties that more scientific-technological development has experienced throughout the history of the medical sciences. It was established in Matanzas in the second decade of the 20th century by a group of precursor figures and institutions, to which were added others that have maintained the discipline up to these days. Objective: to rescue elements of the history of radiology in the province of Matanzas, related to those who continued the work of the precursors. Materials and methods: typical methods of the historical research such as analytic-synthetic and deductive-inductive were used, and well as chronological and geographic sub-methods. Results: thirteen records and twenty-three annotations were presented that constitute a synthetic characterization of the object of study. Conclusions: in the history of radiology in Matanzas, names such as those of doctors Mario Munoz Monroy and Manuel Garcia Suarez stand out in the immediate stage after precursors; the first, because of his dimension as a martyr, and the second, although he also opposed dictatorships, because of his scientific-pedagogical projection. The specialty reached its true social charge in the 1960's, and has experienced a sustained progress, the magnitude of which has depended on external and internal limitations.

Update in Imaging Evaluation of Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcomas / Atualização na avaliação por imagens dos sarcomas ósseos e das partes moles

Abstract The evolution in imaging evaluation of musculoskeletal sarcomas contributed to a significant improvement in the prognosis and survival of patients with these neoplasms. The precise characterization of these lesions, using the most appropriate imaging modalities to each clinical condition presented, is of paramount importance in the design of the therapeutic approach to be instituted, with a direct impact on clinical outcomes. The present article seeks to update the reader regarding imaging methodologies in the context of local and systemic evaluation of bone sarcomas and soft tissues.

Resumo A evolução na avaliação por imagens dos sarcomas musculoesqueléticos contribuiu para melhora significativa no prognóstico e na sobrevida dos portadores destas neoplasias. A caracterização precisa destas lesões, mediante utilização das modalidades de imagem mais adequadas a cada condição clínica apresentada, é de suma importância no delineamento da abordagem terapêutica a ser instituída, com impacto direto sobre os desfechos clínicos. O presente artigo busca atualizar o leitor a propósito das metodologias de imagem no contexto da avaliação local e sistêmica dos sarcomas ósseos e das partes moles.

Safe radiological spinal intervention: A multicenter snapshot survey of musculoskeletal radiologists in the UK and India

Objectives: Research, knowledge, and technological advances have promoted minimally invasive image-guided diagnostic and therapeutic intervention. Such interventions are increasingly performed for musculoskeletal diseases by radiologists within outpatient settings. The objective of this study was to ascertain levels of safe practice among musculoskeletal radiologists in the United Kingdom and the Indian public health-care system, as defined by access to spinal surgeons and anesthetists during radiological spinal procedures. Material and Methods: An online cross-sectional survey of eight questions (multiple choice and free text) was circulated among musculoskeletal radiologists in the UK and India, to evaluate: (i) Image-guided practice among musculoskeletal radiologists. (ii) Types of interventions undertaken. (iii) Practice setting. (iv) Availability of supportive, backup access to spinal surgery services. Results: A total of 53 replies were received of which 43 (81.1%) were from musculoskeletal radiologists who perform spinal interventional procedures. Spinal biopsies and injections were the most common procedures performed by the 43 eligible radiologists (79.1% and 74.4%, respectively), with vertebroplasty and sacroplasty performed by only 16.3% and 11.6%, respectively. Less than half (46.5%) of musculoskeletal radiologists performing interventional procedures did so within a hospital setting with both a spinal surgeon and an anesthetist on site, 20.9% had an anesthetist on site but no spinal surgeon and 16.3% had neither on-site. Conclusion: Minimally invasive image-guided diagnostic and therapeutic intervention is a niche sub-specialty practiced by a few musculoskeletal radiologists. Enhanced resource allocation, skills training, and multidisciplinary service provision will ultimately minimize existing deficiencies, improving patient-related clinical outcomes, and quality of care.

Patella cubiti - a continuing etiological mystery / Patella cubiti: un misterio etiológico continuo

SUMMARY: A sesamoid bone in the elbow joint is a rare anatomical variation described as a Patella cubiti. Although this variation has been known for centuries its exact etiology is still unclear. Congenital, developmental, and traumatic hypotheses have been proposed. It seldom causes clinical manifestations than elbow stiffness or hypomobility. Herein, we present a case of a 31-year-old patient admitted to our department with complaints of swelling and erythema in the right elbow. An X-ray image revealed a triangular accessory bone with rounded edges, which was diagnosed as a Patella cubiti in combination with olecranon bursitis. Knowledge of this rare elbow abnormality is paramount for orthopedic surgeons and roentgenologists in their daily medical practice.

Un hueso sesamoideo en la articulación del codo es una rara variación anatómica descrita como Patella cubiti. Aunque esta variación se conoce desde hace siglos, su etiología exacta aún no está clara. Se han propuesto hipótesis congénitas, de desarrollo y traumáticas. Rara vez causa manifestaciones clínicas que no sean rigidez o hipomovilidad del codo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 31 años que ingresó en nuestro servicio por presentar tumefacción y eritema en el codo derecho. Una imagen de rayos X reveló un hueso accesorio triangular con márgenes redondeados, que se diagnosticó como una Patella cubiti en combinación con bursitis del olécranon. El conocimiento de esta rara anomalía del codo es fundamental para los cirujanos ortopédicos y los médicos radiólogos en su práctica médica diaria.

Radiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma that achieved complete response after chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for liver transplantation planning

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the radiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions that achieved a complete response following drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) preceding liver transplantation. Methods This single-center case-control study enrolled patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant DEB-TACE therapy, were followed up with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography, and were successively evaluated according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. The HCCs were divided into two groups based on their diameter (Group A: ≤3cm; Group B: 3cm). Viability was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method according to tumor size categories. The relationship between tumor variables was analyzed using bivariate Cox regression. Results Three-hundred and twenty-eight patients with 667 hepatocellular carcinomas who underwent their first DEB-TACE session were enrolled. A total of 105 hepatocellular carcinomas in 59 patients exhibited complete response after the initial DEB-TACE session and were divided into Group A (92 HCCs) and Group B (13 HCCs). The diameter in Group A decreased significantly compared to the pre-procedure size until the second assessment (p<0.001), with no subsequent reduction in diameter, despite maintaining a complete response. In Group B, the reduction in diameter remained significant compared with the initial value until the sixth imaging evaluation (p=0.014). The average reduction was 45.1% for Group B and a maximum of 14.9% in Group A. Conclusion HCCs >3cm exhibited a greater reduction in size and a longer time to recurrence. HCCs ≤3cm had a shorter relapse time. The recurrence rates were similar. These findings may aid in planning for liver transplantation.

The essential role of thoracic duct embolization in management of traumatic iatrogenic chylothorax / O papel fundamental da embolização do ducto torácico no manejo de quilotórax traumático iatrogênico

Abstract This study aims to describe a case series of patients who underwent thoracic duct embolization (TDE) to treat traumatic iatrogenic chylothorax (TIC). Three patients were included: Case #1, a 49-year-old woman with follicular lymphoma developed a TIC following video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery to resect a solid right paravertebral mass and was treated with TDE using microcoils and N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) glue. Case #2, a 68-year-old man with cardiac amyloidosis developed a TIC following heart transplantation and was treated with TDE using microcoils and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer. Case#3: A 6-year-old patient with congenital heart disease developed a TIC following a Fontan procedure and was treated with TDE using NBCA glue. All lesions were identified during lymphangiography and TDE was successfully performed in all cases. TDE is a safe and valuable technique that provides minimally invasive treatment for TCI.

Resumo Este estudo objetiva descrever uma série de casos de pacientes submetidos a embolização do ducto torácico (EDT) para tratamento de quilotórax iatrogênico (QI). Três pacientes foram incluídos. Caso 1: um homem de 49 anos com linfoma folicular apresentou QI após ressecção de uma massa paravertebral por toracoscopia vídeo-assistida e foi submetido a EDT com micromolas e n-butil-cianoacrilato (NBCA). Caso 2: um homem de 68 anos com amiloidose cardíaca apresentou QI após ser submetido a transplante cardíaco e foi submetido a EDT com micromolas e copolímero de etileno e álcool vinílico. Caso 3: um paciente de 6 anos com malformação cardíaca congênita apresentou QI após cirurgia de Fontan e foi submetido a EDT com NBCA. Todas as lesões foram identificadas durante a linfangiografia, e a EDT foi realizada com sucesso. A EDT é uma técnica segura e valiosa, que pode oferecer um tratamento minimamente invasivo em casos de QI.

Tumor de Askin: un tumor infrecuente de la pared torácica / Askin tumor: a rare tumor of the chest wall / Tumor de Askin: um tumor raro da parede torácica

El tumor de Askin o tumor primitivo neuroectodérmico es una neoplasia de células pequeñas redondas que se origina de los tejidos blandos de la pared torácica, probablemente a partir de células embrionarias que migran de la cresta neural. Son tumores muy agresivos que metastatizan rápidamente y de forma diseminada. Clínicamente, los pacientes presentan una masa de tejidos blandos en la pared del tórax que puede cursar o no con dolor. Otras manifestaciones incluyen disnea, tos, pérdida de peso, síndrome de Horner y adenopatías regionales. La radiografía de tórax muestra una masa heterogénea extrapulmonar, por lo general de gran tamaño, que puede opacificar completamente el hemitórax. El pronóstico del tumor de Askin es pobre; sin embargo, el uso combinado de quimioterapia, cirugía y radiación ha mejorado el resultado de forma drástica.

Askin tumor or primitive neuroectodermal tumor is a small round cells' neoplasia, which originates in the chest's soft tissues probably from embryonic cells that migrate from the neural crest. They are very aggressive tumors that metastasize and disseminate quickly. Clinically, patients show a soft tissue mass in the chest that may or may not be accompanied by pain. Other manifestations include dyspnea, cough, weight loss, Horner syndrome and regional lymphadenopathy. Chest radiographies show a usually large extrapulmonary heterogeneous mass, which can completely opacify the hemithorax. The prognosis is poor; however, the combined use of chemotherapy, surgery and radiation has improved results dramatically.

O tumor de Askin ou tumor neuroectodérmico primitivo é uma neoplasia de pequenas células redondas que se origina dos tecidos moles da parede torácica, provavelmente de células embrionárias que tem migrado da crista neural. São tumores muito agressivos que metastatizam e se disseminam rapidamente. Clinicamente, os pacientes apresentam uma massa de partes moles na parede torácica que pode ou não causar dor. Outras manifestações incluem dispneia, tosse, perda de peso, síndrome de Horner e linfadenopatia regional. A radiografia de tórax mostra uma massa extrapulmonar heterogênea, geralmente grande, que pode opacar completamente o hemitórax. O prognóstico do tumor de Askin é ruim; no entanto, o uso combinado de quimioterapia, cirurgia e radiação tem melhorado drasticamente o resultado.